核聚变研究取得里程碑式突破 美国家点火装置首获“燃烧等离子体”
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一个由超百名科学家组成的团队在最新一期《自然》杂志上发表4项实验成果称，美国国家点火装置（NIF）在通往实现核聚变目标的路上取得了里程碑式的突破——获得了所谓的“燃烧等离子体”，这意味着核聚变燃烧可以由反应本身产生的热量来维持，而不是靠输入的激光能量。
美国密歇根大学等离子体物理学家卡洛琳·库兰兹解释说，核聚变将氢原子核结合在一起，形成重原子核。当产生的原子质量小于参与反应的原子质量时，多余的质量就会转化为能量，释放出大量光和热。核聚变不会产生二氧化碳等温室气体，也不会产生其他污染物。而反应所必需的燃料氢气，在地球上的储量足以满足人类长达数百万年的能源需求。“核聚变产生的基本上是无限的清洁能源。”
在本研究中，科学家将包含192束激光的巨型激光阵列靶向一个小“胶囊”内的弹丸，将其加热到1亿摄氏度，制造出了巨大的能量爆发，获得了“燃烧等离子体”——尽管只持续了万分之一秒，但足以证明实验取得了成功。
研究人员指出，在2020年11月和2021年2月进行的4次实验中，产生了多达0.17兆焦耳的能量，远远超过了以前的尝试，不过仍小于启动核聚变过程所需的1.9兆焦耳。有研究称，2021年底在NIF进行的实验产生了1.3兆焦耳的能量，持续了百万亿分之二秒，但研究结论还未经过同行评议。
几十年来，世界各地的研究人员在想方设法研究核聚变技术。35个国家在法国南部合建“国际热核实验反应堆”，该反应堆使用巨大的磁铁来控制过热的等离子体，预计于2026年开始运营。
NIF研究团队下一步的目标是实现“点火”。当核聚变反应产生的能量大于其消耗的能量时，就会发生“点火”现象。届时，燃料可以继续自行“燃烧”，产生的能量超过引发初始反应所需的能量。
研究论文合著者、劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室核聚变项目首席科学家奥马尔·哈瑞肯说：“最新研究结果令人兴奋，但我们离实用的核聚变能源还有很长的路要走，也许需要几十年。”
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